4.0 Design Principles

“Well designed urban districts and neighbourhoods succeed because they
recognise the primary importance of the public realm – the network of spaces
between buildings that determine the layout, form and connectivity of the city.
The shape of the public spaces and the way they link together are essential to
the cohesion of urban neighbourhoods and communities. When the framework
is well designed and integrated – as in the traditional compact city - it plays a
fundamental role in linking people and places together.”
Urban Task Force Report

Each building site presents a unique opportunity to design a scheme,
which makes positive use of the site characteristics and the local
context. Developers are encouraged to seek design solutions
appropriate to each site taking into account the location, type, size and
density of development proposed.

The key objective in designing new housing is the creation of
developments that are sustainable, attractive, safe and
convenient to live in. To achieve this, careful consideration must be
given to all the constituent elements making up the whole residential
environment including the:

• internal and external design of the buildings;
  
• spaces between the buildings;
  
• streets that provide access;
  
• landscaping and ecology; and
  
• ways in which these relate to each other.
  

Figure 4.0A is a typical example of a development framework. It is the
final output of the design process based on the principles summarised
in the following sections.

4.1 Responsive to Local Context and Character
4.2 Landscape Character
4.3 Ecological Habitats
4.4 Public Amenity Space
4.5 Creation of Neighbourhoods
4.6 Primary Street Network
4.7 Permeable Layouts
4.8 Legible Layouts
4.8.1 Hierarchy of Streets and Places
4.8.2 Active Street Frontages
4.8.3 Placemaking
4.8.4 Views and Landmarks
4.8.5 Gateways and Nodes
4.9 Microclimate
4.10 Sunlight and Daylight
4.11 Privacy
4.11.1 Front Privacy
4.11.2 Rear Privacy
4.12 Security
4.13 Noise Mitigation
4.14 Illustrative Development Frameworks

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4.1 Responsive to Local Context and Character

The form and pattern of the new development will have a fundamental
influence on the character of the surrounding area. The layout of new
development requires careful consideration if it is to reflect and
successfully integrate into the local context.

Most new development will be an extension of an existing settlement
and therefore it is the character of the existing built form, roads, public
spaces and landscape that provides the visual clues for the design
concept.

New developments should ensure they relate to the existing conditions
around the site. Proposals should:

• maximise the site’s potential;
  
• reflect the existing settlement pattern in terms of whether it is
  landscape or building dominated (Figure 4.1A and 4.1B);
  
• respond sensitively to the edge of site influences for example,
  back to back security for rear boundaries of existing housing along
  the perimeter and appropriate transitions between the rural and
  urban edge (Figure 4.1C);
  
• reflect the pattern of development with regard to whether it is
  formal or informal, linear or enclosed;
  
• ensure continuity in the provision, location and linkage of
  amenity open space and green corridors; and
  
• make a positive contribution to the quality of the environment
  and surrounding area.

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4.2 Landscape Character

The location, character and function of the landscape and open spaces
should be planned from the outset and be imaginatively and sensitively
designed as an integral part of the development.

The overall objective for the landscape strategy is to provide a
structural landscape framework in which the built development is
positioned, with the aim to link together existing landscape elements
with proposed planting (Figure 4.2C).

In general, the landscape and open space strategy should:

• build on the site’s unique physical characteristics retaining and
  conserving existing natural features;
  
• safeguard and enhance views enjoyed from outside the site;
  
• establish a comprehensive network of open spaces and routes
  that respond to and enhance the existing landscape and
  topographical features;
  
• connect with existing vegetation to provide continuous
  landscape corridors providing valuable wildlife and recreational
  links;
  
• provide for a variety of uses and habitats;
  
• allow movement from one space to another in a clearly structured
  sequence;
  
• strengthen existing landscape and woodland ‘buffers’ where
  appropriate; and
  
• provide new landscape buffers to bridge gaps between existing
  vegetative screens to block sensitive views (where necessary).
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

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4.3 Ecological Habitats

In addition to their value for human recreation, open spaces and their
associated boundaries are also important as habitats for wildlife.
Their main function is as refuges and green corridors that link in with
the surrounding areas and maintain the migration routes and vitality of
animal communities. Developments should:

• protect sensitive sites, minimise potential impacts and incorporate
  appropriate mitigation measures for any habitats lost;
  
• ensure refuges and green corridors are maintained, extended or
  created anew and clearly integrated into the development. Habitats
  must not be kept as isolated pockets within the development
  (Figure 4.3A);
  
• incorporate migration routes across the site, and provide links
  with habitats in surrounding areas by using footpaths, cycleways
  and carriageway verges where appropriate, and without reducing
  forward visibility or creating hiding places;
  
• consider inclusion of ecological features e.g. artificial nest or
  roost sites for birds, bats and other animals as part of the overall
  design; and
  
• utilise water management schemes, important in the control of
  pollution caused by run-off from buildings and paved surfaces, as
  havens for wildlife.

For further guidance refer to Chapter 7 Landscape and Ecology.

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4.4 Public Amenity Space

Amenity spaces are central to the life of new communities not only for
active recreation but also for passive recreation – sitting and relaxing in
quiet and attractive surroundings. The provision of public amenity
space and other facilities as part of the public realm will vary from site
to site. Designers should discuss the overall provision with
Peterborough City Council.

The Urban Task Force Report states that open space design is a key
factor in the successful creation of new communities and the following
principles should be used:

• careful integration of public open space into new development.
  The nature and scale of amenity space should be appropriate to the
  location of the development and character of the area;
  
• meet a wide range of different needs from passive relaxation to
  active recreation by providing places to meet, talk, exercise, join
  events, take children out, play, learn or simply sit and do nothing;
  
• be located at the very heart of the community. The more uses
  they have the more users they have, the safer and more dynamic
  they will become;
  
• encourage a sense of ownership through high quality design;
  
• provide for a diversity of uses and develop areas as centres for
  sport, art, education, entertainment and exercise as well as passive
  recreation;
  
• introduce compatible developments within the amenity areas;
  
• be sustainable and capable of change with time;
  
• developed in close consultation with the community and other
  interested bodies;
  
• early consideration of long term maintenance issues; and
  
• achieve Green Flag and LEAP (Local Equipped Area of Play)
  accreditation.

Amenity spaces should form part of a hierarchy of external spaces in
the locality of the site (Figure 4.4D). Their location is a fundamental
consideration at the early design stage. Responsibilities for
maintenance and access must also be considered, so that these
spaces will remain used and frequented.

• Spaces provided as part of housing:
  
  • Private balcony and private garden – toddlers’ & infants’ play
    
  • Shared courtyard – infants’ play
    
• Spaces not usually forming part of the housing, which should
  be provided in the locality of the new housing. If adjacent to the
  site, new housing should be designed to address these spaces; and
  
• Home Zones – very low speed street layouts to encourage play in
  the street
  
  • Tot lot – meeting space for parents and toddlers play (within 50m);
    
  • Public Square – infants play area, seating and passive recreation
    (within 100 metres);
    
  • Pocket Park – all ages play facilities, garden area, and seating,
    exercise area (within 200 metres);
    
  • Neighbourhood Park – all ages play facilities, jogging and trim
    trail, floodlit (within 400 metres); and
    
  • District Park – all ages, play facilities, sports, outdoor events,
    cafes. Eco Park (within 20 minutes walk).
    
    Key considerations in the location of play areas include:
    
• good and safe footpath links with the dwellings;
  
• within easy walking distances for small children;
  
• located where they can be easily overlooked by a number of
  dwellings; and
  
• sensitively located to avoid creating a noise nuisance especially to
  older person housing.

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4.5 Creation of Neighbourhoods

The overall scale of the development site relative to its surrounding
context should be taken into consideration in generating the
development strategy.

Proposals should:

• carefully consider the location and design of various land uses
  to avoid potential conflicts, including those of a criminal nature;
  
• maintain an appropriate scale of development with the
  surroundings to ensure maximum integration. A large
  development site will have a significant visual impact on the edge of
  a village or rural area compared to a more urban site;
  
• consider dividing the site into areas of variable density, shape
  and road pattern, to ensure that the new residential
  development relates well to its surroundings. This will be
  dependent on the size of the site. This approach will help
  achieve an appropriate scale, relative to existing settlements and
  open country, by enabling a flexible response to the varying
  conditions prevailing at the site boundaries. Used in conjunction
  with identified open spaces, landscaped buffer zones at boundaries
  and focal points, areas that can realistically be used for constructing
  dwellings will be more easily identified. On a small site, a single
  character and density may be more appropriate;
  
• subdivide a site into smaller development zones to provide greater
  visual interest and identity by facilitating the creation of different
  “neighbourhoods” with individual character (Figure 4.5C) New
  neighbourhoods should be defined by the character of adjacent
  development and existing neighbourhoods, building on the
  characteristics of the adjacent development rather than discounting
  the design and layout of surrounding development; and
  
• ensure a mix of dwelling types to assist in creating attractive and
  interesting streets and appropriate enclosure of spaces.

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4.6 Primary Street Network

Roads have a critical influence on the character and quality of a place
and how well it is integrated with the existing context. Whilst access
requirements are dictated by the amount of development served,
roads should not dominate the layout and quality of development.

The development framework should take into account the surrounding
land uses and location of facilities that new residents will require direct
access to (e.g. local shops, public transport nodes, schools and
recreational areas etc).

The development framework will determine how the primary streets
within the site will connect to existing routes. Key considerations
include:

• providing convenient and direct vehicular access to local
  facilities;
  
• creating a primary street network that is integrated with built
  form. Primary streets can achieve a “sense of place” by arranging
  buildings to overlook and define the street space, and to introduce
  appropriate street planting as part of this definition. Avoid
  development “turning its back on roads” which is detrimental to the
  quality, safety and security of the environment (Figure 4.6A and B);
  and
  
• provision of natural speed restraint measures designed as an
  integral part of the development to discourage through traffic
  (Figure 4.6C).

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4.7 Permeable Layouts

Development should be highly permeable offering the user a choice
of alternative routes to all destinations within the site and beyond in
such a way as to encourage walking, cycling and the use of public
transport.

In simple terms, the smaller the development blocks, the greater the
level of permeability through the site. (Figure 4.7A) It is important to
emphasise, however, that development blocks must be planned to be
practicable and that the advantages offered by permeability should
not be offset by a reduction in safety and security. (See Chapter
4.12 Security)

Routes should ensure people feel safe using them. Providing a choice
of routes alone is not sufficient to creating a successful and permeable
layout, the routes must ensure that there is a presence of other people
– introducing activity and vitality into the area.

Key aspects to consider include:

• avoiding isolated enclaves and unlinked closes which are not
  connected or adequately linked to surrounding areas; (Figure 4.7B);
  
• safe and convenient linkages within the development and
  surrounding areas, particularly routes to shops, public transport,
  schools, employment and recreation areas; and
  
• calming and management of traffic speeds through the
  arrangement of buildings and minimising the reliance on physical
  traffic calming measures (Figure 4.7C).

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4.8 Legible Layouts

Layouts should be “legible”, (i.e. clearly understood) to enablepeople
to move easily through an area. The legibility of a layout is dependent
on creating perceptual differences between the various elements
making up the residential environment. Development should be
structured so that the principal features (paths, corners, nodes,
landmarks and character areas) are distinct from one another yet can
be easily grouped into an overall pattern. Legibility is reinforced
through the detailed design of the urban fabric, by ensuring that the
design features are visually appropriate.

4.8.1 Hierarchy of Streets and Places

New developments should:

• ensure an integrated street layout that does not dominate the built
  form;
  
• establish a hierarchy of spaces and circulation routes with clear
  definition of public and private areas. All open space within the
  development must have a clear purpose;
  
• develop a detailed set of building codes around the structure and
  hierarchy of primary streets, secondary streets, squares and open
  spaces; and
  
• design elevations that reflect the nature and importance of the
  street or public space.

4.8.2 Active Street Frontages

Developments should encourage the use of public spaces and routes
through the design of active frontages and encouraging on-street
activity to create the maximum opportunities for social interaction by
ensuring that:

• all buildings front the street, creating a sense of natural surveillance
  
• places are defined by buildings with “active edges” either as a result
  of mixed uses or by increasing the density of dwellings for example
  around a central square.

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4.8.3 Placemaking

Developments should aim to establish a distinct identity. The character
of each place should be accentuated by introducing diversity into built
forms and treatment of streetscape and public open spaces.

Proposals should:

• vary the density across a site with the aim of providing a variety of
  “places” and range of house types where appropriate;
  
• create a positive relationship between public spaces and the
  built form, for example building frontages, windows and entrances
  should face onto and overlook streets and public places;
  
• establish a clear distinction between public and private space,
  to help improve safety and security giving people clear directions as
  to where they should and should not go;
  
• clearly define building lines to create a clear visual edge;
  
• arrange buildings to assist in the variation of building heights,
  creating visual interest and breaking up the overall mass of the
  development. Higher buildings should generally be used for key
  sites;
  
• design corner elements to reinforce entrance points or “gateways”
  into the area and provide emphasis to focal points within the
  development;
  
• use existing or introduce new physical features such as nodes,
  gateways and landmarks to provide easily identifiable “visual
  markers” that help create recognisable places;
  
• carefully consider detailing and use of materials to ensure
  variety and visual interest but within the overall design style; and
  
• Locate dwellings on their plots to ensure a level approach to the
  principal entrance.

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4.8.4 Views and Landmarks

The design of the development may integrate with or reinforce existing
features and form new features to improve an area’s identity and
legibility by helping people easily find their way around.

New developments should ensure that:

• views enjoyed by neighbouring settlements are safeguarded and,
  where possible, enhanced (Figure 4.8.4A);
  
• existing natural features such as mature trees and landforms, or
  manmade elements such as walls, bridges and buildings are used
  as focal points leading the eye through a variety of spaces, giving
  clarity and interest in residential layout (Figure 4.8.4B);
  
• developments take into account and retain existing features of merit
  and provide those where none exist (Figure 4.8.4C); and
  
• care is taken in considering the impact of any development on the
  skyline (See Section 2.3.4).

Landmarks are buildings, spaces or public art that provide an important
visual reference point for the organisation of the streetscape.
Landmarks by definition are unconventional and distinctive, reinforcing
the structure of the development. Their careful placement to signal
features in the layout should be used to create surprise, delight and
character within the development.

Views out from the site are as important as those within, and are
invaluable ways to anchor a development to its setting. 'Borrowed
landscape' design is a particularly useful device in achieving this goal.
Chosen aspects of areas outside the site appear as if they are part of
the residential development with no intervening site boundary.

A quite different strategy is the smaller scale device of framing a
particular outside view with buildings and/ or landscape measures.
Here, the boundary between inside and outside remains distinct
(Figure 4.8.4D).

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4.8.5 Gateways and Nodes

The design and scale of new buildings and features can be used to
create a “gateway”, providing a strong visual clue at key locations or
thresholds to development. Gateways help people orientate
themselves within a development and can also reinforce the distinction
between public and private space.

A gateway can be achieved through a variety of ways:

• scale, form and juxtaposition of buildings;
  
• use of simple structures such as archways, pergolas etc;
  
• use of appropriate and carefully located sculpture;
  
• the use of planting; and
  
• through significant changes in the surface materials e.g.
  introduction of traffic calming features and narrowing features.

Nodal points are urban spaces formed at the junction of through
routes. These can be emphasised by key buildings.






















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4.9 Microclimate

Protecting against inclement weather is one of the first considerations
in structuring development. Reducing exposure to wind chill and
driving rain are the first priorities, using trees, hedges, dwellings and
solid or perforated screens. The microclimate created by the
juxtaposition of new buildings and the associated landscape is an
important element in the environmental make-up of a proposed
scheme. The spacing of dwellings, structures, trees and hedges
relative to one another can positively improve a site’s microclimate.
Footpaths, cycleways and the spaces that they link together when
protected in this way will therefore retain their usefulness for longer
periods in all weather conditions throughout the year.

• existing trees, hedges and landforms must be assessed for their
  effectiveness as buffers against exposure to wind and sun.
  
• the location of footpaths and cycleways should ensure protection
  where possible, from rain and wind chill throughout the year.

Fundamental orientation and element placement can effect the
prescient and actual environment. Key considerations include:

• orientation of dwellings to maximise sun penetration into gardens;
  
• filtration of wind and dust by shelterbelt planting;
  
• using natural features to shelter from prevailing winds;
  
• recognising potential frost pockets;
  
• reducing valley funnelling; and not building on exposed sites.

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4.10 Sunlight and Daylight

Layouts should be designed to maximise daylight and sunlight to
dwellings as far as possible. It is important to note that while
housing layouts should be designed to maximise daylight and sunlight
to dwellings this should not be to the exclusion of other considerations,
such as privacy or the achievement of an attractive streetscape.

Building type, form and location should ensure that potential
overshadowing is limited. Key principles to be considered include:

• orientating the development to ensure that houses have wide,
  south-facing façades where possible. Private rear gardens, living
  rooms and principal bedrooms should where possible have a sunny
  aspect;
  
• ensuring that the majority of windows face south or lie within a
  30 degree angle of the south thereby enabling solar energy to be
  collected passively and actively;
  
• ensuring that south-facing elevations are not obstructed by
  other structures or planting which would result in overshadowing.
  Avoid locating projecting structures such as garages or porches on
  the southern elevation of houses. Careful selection of plant species
  adjacent to buildings to avoid long-term problems of
  overshadowing;
  
• lower dwellings should be placed to the south and higher
  dwellings to the north of a development, preferably near corners
  or road intersections or south of open areas which have reduced
  requirements for sunlight, for example, car parks, to reduce
  overshadowing in winter;
  
• dwellings aligned east-west, should be spaced to allow solar
  access in winter - at mid-day in December, the sun’s altitude is 13º
  at 53º latitude, the approximate Peterborough latitude (Figure 8.6);
  
• dwellings on north-facing slopes can be spaced to allow solar
  gains through the roof or at upper levels of the homes;
  
• buildings should be designed to facilitate the penetration of
  light for example providing appropriate breaks in terrace blocks or
  using semi-detached houses;
  
• housing plans with front to back dimensions of 9-13 metres provide
  good sun and daylight penetration. Plan depths exceeding 13
  metres should be avoided as they result in poor light penetration
  to the centre of the building therefore increasing the need for
  artificial lighting; and
  
• where buildings are closely spaced, the amount of daylight can be
  supplemented in houses by keeping rooms shallow in plan and
  raising window head heights.

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4.11 Privacy

The development of the layout should aim to balance the need for
internal privacy of the home from overlooking and the need to retain
good natural surveillance of the public realm. Privacy becomes a more
flexible aspect of design when elements other than the buildings are
considered. Freestanding structures such as garages and garden
walls can help define and screen private space between dwellings and
curtilages.

4.11.1 Front Privacy

Internal privacy at the front of the house can be achieved through the
use of one or a combination of the following:

• provision of front gardens or buffer zones. As a general guide,
  the distance between the street and the building should not exceed
  5 metres in order to retain visual contact with the public domain and
  thereby good surveillance (Figure 4.11A);
  
• changes in level can improve outlook from the home whilst
  reducing overlooking from passers-by in the street. (Figure 4.11B);
  and
  
• lack of privacy associated with back of pavement development
  can be overcome by the sensitive internal arrangement of the
  dwelling by locating habitable rooms on to the ground floor to the
  front such as kitchens which will still provide good natural
  surveillance of the public realm.

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4.11.2 Rear Privacy

All houses must provide private rear gardens. Loss of privacy can be
minimised through a combination of minimum back-to-back distances
between buildings and appropriate design. It is important to
emphasise that back-to-back distances should be interpreted flexibly,
subject to orientation, plan layout and form profile.

The following should be considered:

• back to back distances between dwellings with habitable rooms
  facing one another should not be less than 25 metres in rural
  situations and 21 metres in urban situations (Figure 4.11E). Where
  new development backs onto the rear of existing housing then
  existing residents are entitled to a greater degree of privacy to their
  rear garden boundary;
  
• overlooking from rear-facing living rooms of upper storey flats
  should be minimised by ensuring that these rooms are no closer
  than 35 metres to the rear of any other dwelling. Consideration
  should also be given to reducing overlooking resulting from oblique
  views over side boundaries from upper storey living rooms;
  
• the separating distance between backs of houses can be reduced if
  one or both houses are designed in such a way not to overlook one
  another. This can be achieved by facing upper storey windows in
  opposite directions, using projecting rear wings to block views,
  introducing visual barriers between facing ground floor windows to
  habitable rooms and by internally arranging the accommodation so
  that non-habitable rooms are rear facing with high-level windows.
  Care must be taken to ensure that there is no overshadowing of
  adjacent buildings (Figure 4.11G); and
  
• 1.8m high privacy screens between adjacent dwellings extending
  for a minimum distance of 3 metres from the building face to ensure
  that patios are not overlooked to give a private sitting out area.
  (Figure 4.11F).

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4.12 Security

Crime prevention is a material consideration in determining planning
applications. Access ways, parking areas, public spaces and all
elements of the external environment should be designed and lit to
create a safe and secure environment and to minimise opportunities for
crime. Design and layouts should build in a high degree of “self
policing” of buildings and outside spaces by encouraging a sense of
belonging for residents. It is important that pre-application discussions
with the local authority and the architectural liaison officer are held at
an early stage. The following criteria should be considered:

• good natural surveillance with buildings and spaces located to
  maximise opportunities for natural observation from adjacent
  buildings, pedestrians and passing motorists etc (Figure 4.12A);
  
• layouts should form continuous front and backs, avoiding
  exposed rear garden, fences or walls;
  
• clear definition of public and private space achieved by changes
  of surface texture, colour and appropriate boundary treatments;
  
• clear function, ownership and maintenance responsibility of
  open spaces avoiding left-over spaces at sides and ends of
  buildings;
  
• privacy within the curtilage of the dwelling but with opportunities for
  natural surveillance to and from footpaths and points of entry;
  
• careful consideration of location and specification of
  landscaping relative to doorways, windows, footpaths and parking
  to avoid creating potential hiding places;
  
• appropriate levels and design of lighting to all public areas
  avoiding pools of darkness, without creating a bland or intrusive
  lighting scheme. Light pollution must be avoided. Lack of well
  designed lighting in the public realm often results in residents fitting
  inappropriate floodlighting causing pollution and annoyance;
  
• direct access for vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians along clearly
  defined routes with recognised points of entry. All movement
  corridors should provide good opportunities for natural surveillance.
  Segregated footpaths and cycleways should be avoided, where
  possible;
  
• location of parking spaces that can be easily supervised from
  buildings, paths and roads. Car, cycle and motorcycle parks should
  be well illuminated;
  
• minimise features that could be used to conceal or provide access
  to upper floors of buildings; and
  
• dwellings designed to incorporate a full range of security
  measures, as recommended in Secured by Design, including
  special attention to ironmongery specification and the design of
  entrance and rear doors and windows, glazing and lighting.

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4.13 Noise Mitigation

Activities around the site may generate noise that may be a constant or
intermittent source of intrusion. Noise may originate from a number of
sources such as road or rail networks, children’s play or sports areas
and industrial developments.

The location of uses and the orientation of buildings can be used to
reduce or avoid disturbance from noise-generating sources.
Consideration should include:

• providing appropriate distances where possible between housing
  and potential noise generators (Figure 4.13A);
  
• orientation of development at right angles to the noise source;
  
• single or controlled aspect housing where sound attenuation
  cannot be achieved by other means;
  
• introduction of external sound barriers such as acoustic screens,
  earthmounds (Figure 4.13B);
  
• construction of barrier blocks such as garages or walls between
  noise source and dwellings (Figure 4.13C);
  
• locating children’s play areas near family accommodation and
  away from accommodation for the elderly;
  
• internal layout of the dwelling, through the location of nonhabitable
  rooms (e.g. kitchens) as buffers; and
  
• detailed design of windows such as installation of double or triple
  glazing.

Care must be taken to ensure that the use of noise attenuation
measures outlined above, does not result in a development layout
which is in direct conflict with good urban design principles. Residential
development turning its back on the surrounding road network,
enclosed by walls and fences creating an isolated development with
poor quality public realm is unacceptable, and frequently increases the
risk of crime and disorder.






4.14 Illustrative Development Frameworks

The following section builds on the illustrative examples of the site
appraisal as set out in Chapter 2. The same hypothetical examples of
sites are used to show the general approach and principles involved in
generating the development framework. Once again it must be
emphasised that these are not prescriptive and that the framework will
evolve in response to each site’s specific characteristics.

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Example 1 Urban Infill: Development Framework (1)

Responding to Local Character

• New development pattern is based on an irregular grid of perimeter block development with a clear distinction between public and private space
  
• Existing trees and buildings have been retained
  
• Safe and direct linkages to existing local facilities and land-uses have been provided. Views of existing landmark buildings have been retained

Pedestrian Friendly and Walkable

• Pedestrian vehicular and cycle network is fully integrated with existing street pattern
  
• Development is based on a permeable network of traditional streets
  
• Proposed network provides opportunities for creation of “home zones” and traffic calming without restricting vehicular access
  
• Circulation network provides easy, convenient and safe access to
  local facilities such as public transport, local shops, primary school
  and employment areas
  
• Streets are overlooked by building frontages

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Example 1 Urban Infill: Illustrative Built Form (2)

Development Character

• Building dominated development reflecting character of
  surrounding urban form
  
• Buildings are arranged to create a combination of streets and
  squares
  
• Where the site opens onto the existing street network, the
  new development forms a continuous façade with existing to
  ensure visual integration of block form.
  
• Building heights and form are used to accentuate “gateways”
  into development and emphasise landmark buildings and
  focal points

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Example 1 Urban Infill: Illustrative Public Realm (3)

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Example 2 Urban Extension: Development Framework

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Example 3 Village Extension: Illustrative Development Framework (1)

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Example 3 Village Extension: Illustrative Built Form (2)

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Example 3 Village Extension: Illustrative Public Realm (3)

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Example 3 Village Infill: Development Framework

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